Many multivitamins contain both forms of vitamin K. While the ODS report that vitamin K deficiency is very rare and that most people are getting enough of the vitamin from their diet, anyone at risk of a deficiency may wish to consider dietary supplements. Share on Pinterest Many multivitamins contain vitamin K. It is important for people taking these medications to consume the same amount of dietary vitamin K each day and to speak to a doctor before taking supplements or making dietary changes. Some cholesterol-lowering medications can also interfere with the body’s ability to absorb vitamin K.īlood thinners, such as warfarin, can interact dangerously with the vitamin. For example, long courses of antibiotics can kill the gut bacteria that produce vitamin K. Newborns and people with certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease and ulcerative colitis, have a higher risk of vitamin K deficiency.Ī severe deficiency increases the time it takes for the blood to clot, making a person more prone to bruising and bleeding and increasing the risk of hemorrhage.Ī deficiency of the vitamin can also reduce bone mineralization, which can lead to osteoporosis.Ĭertain medications can affect vitamin K levels in the body. HIF-1A is an important target for cancer drug therapy.Īccording to the ODS, vitamin K deficiency affects very few adults in the United States. In addition, findings suggest that K-2 may suppress genetic processes that lead to tumor growth.Īccording to a 2018 study, vitamin K-2 that scientists had modified with a sialic acid-cholesterol conjugate significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse cells.Ī 2019 study suggests that K-2 significantly reduces the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1A) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Vitamin K-2 has antioxidant properties that may help protect against cancer. However, it did not improve memory deficit in the rats. High blood glucose levels may increase a person’s risk of developing depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.Ī 2016 study investigated the effects of vitamin K-2 in rats with metabolic syndrome, high blood glucose levels and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and memory deficit.Īfter 10 weeks, treatment with vitamin K had normalized blood glucose and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression. According to the results, vitamin K-2 did not appear to enhance the effects of the osteoporosis medication. The researchers concluded that taking 5 milligrams of an MK-4 supplement daily reduced the levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin to that “typical of healthy, premenopausal women.”Ī 2017 study from Japan examined whether vitamin K-2 enhances the effects of standard medication for osteoporosis in adult females aged 65 or older. Vitamin K-2 promotes healthy bone mineral density by carboxylating osteocalcin, a protein that binds calcium to bones.Ī 2019 study investigated the effects of taking MK-4 supplements in 29 postmenopausal females who had experienced hip or vertebral compression fractures. The author cited findings suggesting that a diet high in natural vitamin K2 may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. Vitamin K-2 may lower the risk of cardiovascular damage and improve overall heart health.Īccording to a 2015 review article, K-2 activates a protein that prevents calcium deposits from forming in the walls of blood vessels. In addition to its crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing, vitamin K-2 has a number of other health benefits. ![]() K-2 occurs in high concentrations in the brain and kidneys. K-1 accumulates in the liver, heart, and pancreas. The body stores vitamins K-1 and K-2 differently. Also, fermented foods, meat, and dairy products contain modest amounts of vitamin K-2. ![]() Vitamin K is fat-soluble, so eating dietary fats, such as butter or plant oils, may enhance the body’s absorption of vitamin K-1 from plants.īacteria in the gut can synthesize vitamin K-1 into vitamin K-2. However, the body has difficulty absorbing vitamin K-1 from plants.Īccording to a 2019 review, research suggests that the body absorbs 10 times more vitamin K-2, in the form of MK-7, than vitamin K-1. K-1 is the primary form of the vitamin, and it is mainly present in leafy green vegetables. K-2 has several subtypes, called menaquinones (MKs), which scientists have numbered MK-4 through MK-13, based on the length of their side chains. ![]() Both types have a phytyl side chain, but K-2 also has isoprenoid side chains. Vitamins K-1 and K-2 have different chemical structures.
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